Since December 7, tens of thousands of citizens have been protesting in different parts of Peru against the ouster of democratically-elected left-wing President Pedro Castillo in a legislative coup carried out by the right-wing dominated unicameral Congress.
For the last week, Peruvians have been on the streets demanding that Castillo, who was illegally arrested following his removal from office, be immediately released and reinstated. They are also demanding the effective dissolution of the Congress, which currently has an 11% approval rating.
The citizens are also demanding that a Constituent Assembly be convened to draft a new constitution to replace the current neoliberal one, which favors the right-wing oligarchy. The 1993 Peruvian Constitution was written and imposed during the far-right dictatorship of Alberto Fujimori (July 1990–November 2000).
The protesters have been organizing mobilizations, road blockades, and occupying local airports across the country demanding structural changes. The agrarian unions, peasant and Indigenous movements, as well as social and women’s rights organizations have embarked on an indefinite national strike, beginning Dec. 13, to push for these demands. Several student associations and teachers’ unions have also joined the protests. The protests are taking place in 13 of the country’s 24 regions.
“The oligarchic rulers of Peru could never accept that a rural schoolteacher and peasant leader could be brought into office by millions of poor, Black, and Indigenous people who saw their hope for a better future in Castillo,” Manolo De Los Santos, co-executive director of the People’s Forum, earlier explained in People’s Dispatch.
The government of newly-appointed President Dina Boluarte, who entered into a political alliance with the right wing to govern, has responded to protests with the militarization of rural provinces where there are large mobilizations taking place. On Dec. 12, Boluarte declared a “state of emergency” in several provinces, restricting the citizens’ right to freedom of movement and assembly.
The police and military have been heavily repressing these protests, using tear gas as well as firearms. The Ombudsman’s Office, on Dec.13, reported that at least seven protesters, including two minors, had been killed in the police repression in Apurímac and Arequipa regions due to injuries suffered from firearms. It also reported that at least 32 people had been severely wounded.
On Dec. 14, the Ombudsman’s Office reported that a minor girl and a 20-year-old boy suffered eye injuries during repression against protesters in the Andahuaylas province in Apurímac. Additionally, the residents denounced that more than 50 protesters were detained in Andahuaylas and had been locked in inhumane conditions at the Abancay police station.
Castillo’s letters
Former President Castillo, by means of a letter shared on his Twitter, called for an end to the repression and blamed Boluarte for the deaths.
“Given the serious acts of massacre of my people, I urge the National Police and the Armed Forces to lay down their arms in order to stop the bloodshed of my people. Ms. Dina Boluarte, be considerate of the place you occupy. I hold you and your entire circle that accompanies you responsible for the ferocious attacks on my compatriots. I call on the people to remain alert and optimistic,” wrote Castillo.
Castillo, who had been preliminarily detained for a period of seven days and was supposed to be released on Dec.14, called on the people to accompany him during his hearing and receive him free at the Directorate of Special Operations (DIROES) in the capital Lima.
He said that he was “unjustly and arbitrarily detained” and that he had “not committed any crime of rebellion or conspiracy.” He thanked the people “for their confidence, effort, struggle, and affinity” and vowed that he would “never resign or abandon this popular cause that has got me here (presidency).”
“The oligarchic rulers of Peru could never accept that a rural schoolteacher and peasant leader could be brought into office by millions of poor, Black, and Indigenous people.”
Nevertheless, on Dec.14, the Judiciary of Peru suspended the hearing and extended Castillo’s preliminary detention for another 48 hours. It scheduled another hearing for Dec. 15 to rule on a request made by the Prosecutor’s Office for the extension of the preventive detention against Castillo for 18 months.
Castillo rejected the step taken by the Prosecutor’s Office and called on the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (IACHR) to protect his rights.
“Enough is enough! The abuse, humiliation, and maltreatment continue. Today, they coerce my freedom once again with 18 months of pretrial detention. I request the IACHR to intercede for my rights and the rights of my Peruvian brothers who demand justice. I hold judges and prosecutors responsible for what happens in the country. Millions of thanks to my compatriots for their love and support. Only the people save the people.
“Enough! The assault, humiliation and mistreatment continues. Today they coerced my freedom again with 18 months of pretrial detention. I ask the IACHR to intercede for my rights and those of my Peruvian brothers and sisters who demand justice. I hold the judges and prosecutors responsible for what happens in the country. I’m thankful to my compatriots for their love and support. Only the people save the people,” wrote Castillo.
International concerns
On Dec. 12, the governments of Colombian President Gustavo Petro, Mexican President Andrés Manuel López Obrador, Argentine President Alberto Fernández, and Bolivian President Luis Arce expressed their “deep concern over the recent events in Peru that resulted in the removal and detention of President José Pedro Castillo Terrones.”
“It is not new to the world that President Castillo Terrones, from the day of his election, had been the victim of undemocratic harassment, in violation of Article 23 of the American Convention on Human Rights, the ‘Costa Rica Pact,’ adopted on Nov. 22,1969, to later be the subject of judicial treatment in the same manner, in violation of article 25 of the aforementioned convention,” said the heads of states in a joint statement.
“Our governments call on all the actors involved in the previous process to prioritize the will of the citizens that was pronounced at the polls. It is the way of interpreting the scope and meanings of the notion of democracy contained in the Inter-American System of Human Rights. We urge those who make up the institutions to refrain from reversing the popular will expressed by free suffrage,” they added.
They also requested that “the authorities fully respect the human rights of President Pedro Castillo and that he be guaranteed judicial protection under the terms enshrined in the last cited article.”
In his last letter shared on Twitter, Castillo, “on behalf of the thousands of Peruvians who have turned to the streets and spend the night there,” thanked Petro, Obrador, Arce and Fernández “for affinity and solidarity with my people and our legitimate government.”
Castillo took the opportunity to recall that he was chosen “by the forgotten men and women of deep Peru, by the dispossessed who have been neglected for more than 200 years,” and condemned that since he took office, the right-wing opposition majority Congress “had not stopped for a minute in rejecting such a decision of the people.”
He said that in their “nefarious attitudes,” the legislators “refused (his request) to visit the sister nations of Colombia and Mexico,” and added that “in this difficult context, the coup plotters, the exploiting and starving sectors, today they want to silence my people with the role of the press, which has just received 1.8 billion soles ($472 million USD) to silence the massacre and the crisis throughout Peru, an amount that my government allocated for the Second Agrarian Reform, as well as for the Christmas bonus to the Police and the National Magisterium. It is urgent to recover that benefit.”
The long legislative coup against Castillo
Peru’s Congress—where the Popular Force, Popular Renewal, Avanza País, We are Peru, and Alianza para el Progreso, among other conservative parties hold a majority—made constant attempts to overthrow Castillo and destabilize his government since he assumed the presidency in late July 2021.
On Dec. 7, after two failed impeachment motions over the year-and-a-half, they succeeded in achieving their agenda. On that day, the Congress approved a third impeachment motion against Castillo, which led to his immediate dismissal from office.
In the following hours, he was arrested and charged for allegedly “breaching constitutional order” for having tried to dissolve the Congress before the vote on the motion. The Prosecutor’s Office is investigating Castillo for the crimes of rebellion and conspiracy, abuse of authority, and public disturbance for announcing the dissolution of Congress.
On Dec. 12, the Congress, which over the years had been passing laws that strip the presidency of its powers and make the legislature the supreme power in Peru, advanced further and approved a bill to deprive Castillo of his presidential immunity, enabling the Prosecutor’s Office to criminally prosecute him.
Nonetheless, the people of Peru appear determined to restore and strengthen democracy. Following the extension of Castillo’s preliminary detention, the social movements and trade unions across the country have called for intensification of protest measures. The social sectors called for nationwide mobilizations on Dec. 15 in support of Castillo and in defense of their demands.
The increasing popular resistance forced Boluarte to further advance the date for general elections. On Dec. 14, she announced that the general elections would be held in December 2023, four months before the initial proposal she made. On Dec. 12, she had announced that she would send a bill to Congress to advance the general elections to April 2024.
Additionally, the social pressure also drove her government to increase repressive measures. Boluarte’s Defense Minister, Alberto Otárola, announced the imposition for a 30-day-long state of emergency at the national level in Peru.
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